package bbolt import ( "errors" "fmt" "io" "os" "sort" "strings" "sync/atomic" "time" "unsafe" ) // txid represents the internal transaction identifier. type txid uint64 // Tx represents a read-only or read/write transaction on the database. // Read-only transactions can be used for retrieving values for keys and creating cursors. // Read/write transactions can create and remove buckets and create and remove keys. // // IMPORTANT: You must commit or rollback transactions when you are done with // them. Pages can not be reclaimed by the writer until no more transactions // are using them. A long running read transaction can cause the database to // quickly grow. type Tx struct { writable bool managed bool db *DB meta *meta root Bucket pages map[pgid]*page stats TxStats commitHandlers []func() // WriteFlag specifies the flag for write-related methods like WriteTo(). // Tx opens the database file with the specified flag to copy the data. // // By default, the flag is unset, which works well for mostly in-memory // workloads. For databases that are much larger than available RAM, // set the flag to syscall.O_DIRECT to avoid trashing the page cache. WriteFlag int } // init initializes the transaction. func (tx *Tx) init(db *DB) { tx.db = db tx.pages = nil // Copy the meta page since it can be changed by the writer. tx.meta = &meta{} db.meta().copy(tx.meta) // Copy over the root bucket. tx.root = newBucket(tx) tx.root.bucket = &bucket{} *tx.root.bucket = tx.meta.root // Increment the transaction id and add a page cache for writable transactions. if tx.writable { tx.pages = make(map[pgid]*page) tx.meta.txid += txid(1) } } // ID returns the transaction id. func (tx *Tx) ID() int { return int(tx.meta.txid) } // DB returns a reference to the database that created the transaction. func (tx *Tx) DB() *DB { return tx.db } // Size returns current database size in bytes as seen by this transaction. func (tx *Tx) Size() int64 { return int64(tx.meta.pgid) * int64(tx.db.pageSize) } // Writable returns whether the transaction can perform write operations. func (tx *Tx) Writable() bool { return tx.writable } // Cursor creates a cursor associated with the root bucket. // All items in the cursor will return a nil value because all root bucket keys point to buckets. // The cursor is only valid as long as the transaction is open. // Do not use a cursor after the transaction is closed. func (tx *Tx) Cursor() *Cursor { return tx.root.Cursor() } // Stats retrieves a copy of the current transaction statistics. func (tx *Tx) Stats() TxStats { return tx.stats } // Bucket retrieves a bucket by name. // Returns nil if the bucket does not exist. // The bucket instance is only valid for the lifetime of the transaction. func (tx *Tx) Bucket(name []byte) *Bucket { return tx.root.Bucket(name) } // CreateBucket creates a new bucket. // Returns an error if the bucket already exists, if the bucket name is blank, or if the bucket name is too long. // The bucket instance is only valid for the lifetime of the transaction. func (tx *Tx) CreateBucket(name []byte) (*Bucket, error) { return tx.root.CreateBucket(name) } // CreateBucketIfNotExists creates a new bucket if it doesn't already exist. // Returns an error if the bucket name is blank, or if the bucket name is too long. // The bucket instance is only valid for the lifetime of the transaction. func (tx *Tx) CreateBucketIfNotExists(name []byte) (*Bucket, error) { return tx.root.CreateBucketIfNotExists(name) } // DeleteBucket deletes a bucket. // Returns an error if the bucket cannot be found or if the key represents a non-bucket value. func (tx *Tx) DeleteBucket(name []byte) error { return tx.root.DeleteBucket(name) } // ForEach executes a function for each bucket in the root. // If the provided function returns an error then the iteration is stopped and // the error is returned to the caller. func (tx *Tx) ForEach(fn func(name []byte, b *Bucket) error) error { return tx.root.ForEach(func(k, v []byte) error { return fn(k, tx.root.Bucket(k)) }) } // OnCommit adds a handler function to be executed after the transaction successfully commits. func (tx *Tx) OnCommit(fn func()) { tx.commitHandlers = append(tx.commitHandlers, fn) } // Commit writes all changes to disk and updates the meta page. // Returns an error if a disk write error occurs, or if Commit is // called on a read-only transaction. func (tx *Tx) Commit() error { _assert(!tx.managed, "managed tx commit not allowed") if tx.db == nil { return ErrTxClosed } else if !tx.writable { return ErrTxNotWritable } // TODO(benbjohnson): Use vectorized I/O to write out dirty pages. // Rebalance nodes which have had deletions. var startTime = time.Now() tx.root.rebalance() if tx.stats.GetRebalance() > 0 { tx.stats.IncRebalanceTime(time.Since(startTime)) } opgid := tx.meta.pgid // spill data onto dirty pages. startTime = time.Now() if err := tx.root.spill(); err != nil { tx.rollback() return err } tx.stats.IncSpillTime(time.Since(startTime)) // Free the old root bucket. tx.meta.root.root = tx.root.root // Free the old freelist because commit writes out a fresh freelist. if tx.meta.freelist != pgidNoFreelist { tx.db.freelist.free(tx.meta.txid, tx.db.page(tx.meta.freelist)) } if !tx.db.NoFreelistSync { err := tx.commitFreelist() if err != nil { return err } } else { tx.meta.freelist = pgidNoFreelist } // If the high water mark has moved up then attempt to grow the database. if tx.meta.pgid > opgid { _ = errors.New("") // gofail: var lackOfDiskSpace string // tx.rollback() // return errors.New(lackOfDiskSpace) if err := tx.db.grow(int(tx.meta.pgid+1) * tx.db.pageSize); err != nil { tx.rollback() return err } } // Write dirty pages to disk. startTime = time.Now() if err := tx.write(); err != nil { tx.rollback() return err } // If strict mode is enabled then perform a consistency check. if tx.db.StrictMode { ch := tx.Check() var errs []string for { err, ok := <-ch if !ok { break } errs = append(errs, err.Error()) } if len(errs) > 0 { panic("check fail: " + strings.Join(errs, "\n")) } } // Write meta to disk. if err := tx.writeMeta(); err != nil { tx.rollback() return err } tx.stats.IncWriteTime(time.Since(startTime)) // Finalize the transaction. tx.close() // Execute commit handlers now that the locks have been removed. for _, fn := range tx.commitHandlers { fn() } return nil } func (tx *Tx) commitFreelist() error { // Allocate new pages for the new free list. This will overestimate // the size of the freelist but not underestimate the size (which would be bad). p, err := tx.allocate((tx.db.freelist.size() / tx.db.pageSize) + 1) if err != nil { tx.rollback() return err } if err := tx.db.freelist.write(p); err != nil { tx.rollback() return err } tx.meta.freelist = p.id return nil } // Rollback closes the transaction and ignores all previous updates. Read-only // transactions must be rolled back and not committed. func (tx *Tx) Rollback() error { _assert(!tx.managed, "managed tx rollback not allowed") if tx.db == nil { return ErrTxClosed } tx.nonPhysicalRollback() return nil } // nonPhysicalRollback is called when user calls Rollback directly, in this case we do not need to reload the free pages from disk. func (tx *Tx) nonPhysicalRollback() { if tx.db == nil { return } if tx.writable { tx.db.freelist.rollback(tx.meta.txid) } tx.close() } // rollback needs to reload the free pages from disk in case some system error happens like fsync error. func (tx *Tx) rollback() { if tx.db == nil { return } if tx.writable { tx.db.freelist.rollback(tx.meta.txid) // When mmap fails, the `data`, `dataref` and `datasz` may be reset to // zero values, and there is no way to reload free page IDs in this case. if tx.db.data != nil { if !tx.db.hasSyncedFreelist() { // Reconstruct free page list by scanning the DB to get the whole free page list. // Note: scaning the whole db is heavy if your db size is large in NoSyncFreeList mode. tx.db.freelist.noSyncReload(tx.db.freepages()) } else { // Read free page list from freelist page. tx.db.freelist.reload(tx.db.page(tx.db.meta().freelist)) } } } tx.close() } func (tx *Tx) close() { if tx.db == nil { return } if tx.writable { // Grab freelist stats. var freelistFreeN = tx.db.freelist.free_count() var freelistPendingN = tx.db.freelist.pending_count() var freelistAlloc = tx.db.freelist.size() // Remove transaction ref & writer lock. tx.db.rwtx = nil tx.db.rwlock.Unlock() // Merge statistics. tx.db.statlock.Lock() tx.db.stats.FreePageN = freelistFreeN tx.db.stats.PendingPageN = freelistPendingN tx.db.stats.FreeAlloc = (freelistFreeN + freelistPendingN) * tx.db.pageSize tx.db.stats.FreelistInuse = freelistAlloc tx.db.stats.TxStats.add(&tx.stats) tx.db.statlock.Unlock() } else { tx.db.removeTx(tx) } // Clear all references. tx.db = nil tx.meta = nil tx.root = Bucket{tx: tx} tx.pages = nil } // Copy writes the entire database to a writer. // This function exists for backwards compatibility. // // Deprecated; Use WriteTo() instead. func (tx *Tx) Copy(w io.Writer) error { _, err := tx.WriteTo(w) return err } // WriteTo writes the entire database to a writer. // If err == nil then exactly tx.Size() bytes will be written into the writer. func (tx *Tx) WriteTo(w io.Writer) (n int64, err error) { // Attempt to open reader with WriteFlag f, err := tx.db.openFile(tx.db.path, os.O_RDONLY|tx.WriteFlag, 0) if err != nil { return 0, err } defer func() { if cerr := f.Close(); err == nil { err = cerr } }() // Generate a meta page. We use the same page data for both meta pages. buf := make([]byte, tx.db.pageSize) page := (*page)(unsafe.Pointer(&buf[0])) page.flags = metaPageFlag *page.meta() = *tx.meta // Write meta 0. page.id = 0 page.meta().checksum = page.meta().sum64() nn, err := w.Write(buf) n += int64(nn) if err != nil { return n, fmt.Errorf("meta 0 copy: %s", err) } // Write meta 1 with a lower transaction id. page.id = 1 page.meta().txid -= 1 page.meta().checksum = page.meta().sum64() nn, err = w.Write(buf) n += int64(nn) if err != nil { return n, fmt.Errorf("meta 1 copy: %s", err) } // Move past the meta pages in the file. if _, err := f.Seek(int64(tx.db.pageSize*2), io.SeekStart); err != nil { return n, fmt.Errorf("seek: %s", err) } // Copy data pages. wn, err := io.CopyN(w, f, tx.Size()-int64(tx.db.pageSize*2)) n += wn if err != nil { return n, err } return n, nil } // CopyFile copies the entire database to file at the given path. // A reader transaction is maintained during the copy so it is safe to continue // using the database while a copy is in progress. func (tx *Tx) CopyFile(path string, mode os.FileMode) error { f, err := tx.db.openFile(path, os.O_RDWR|os.O_CREATE|os.O_TRUNC, mode) if err != nil { return err } _, err = tx.WriteTo(f) if err != nil { _ = f.Close() return err } return f.Close() } // allocate returns a contiguous block of memory starting at a given page. func (tx *Tx) allocate(count int) (*page, error) { p, err := tx.db.allocate(tx.meta.txid, count) if err != nil { return nil, err } // Save to our page cache. tx.pages[p.id] = p // Update statistics. tx.stats.IncPageCount(int64(count)) tx.stats.IncPageAlloc(int64(count * tx.db.pageSize)) return p, nil } // write writes any dirty pages to disk. func (tx *Tx) write() error { // Sort pages by id. pages := make(pages, 0, len(tx.pages)) for _, p := range tx.pages { pages = append(pages, p) } // Clear out page cache early. tx.pages = make(map[pgid]*page) sort.Sort(pages) // Write pages to disk in order. for _, p := range pages { rem := (uint64(p.overflow) + 1) * uint64(tx.db.pageSize) offset := int64(p.id) * int64(tx.db.pageSize) var written uintptr // Write out page in "max allocation" sized chunks. for { sz := rem if sz > maxAllocSize-1 { sz = maxAllocSize - 1 } buf := unsafeByteSlice(unsafe.Pointer(p), written, 0, int(sz)) if _, err := tx.db.ops.writeAt(buf, offset); err != nil { return err } // Update statistics. tx.stats.IncWrite(1) // Exit inner for loop if we've written all the chunks. rem -= sz if rem == 0 { break } // Otherwise move offset forward and move pointer to next chunk. offset += int64(sz) written += uintptr(sz) } } // Ignore file sync if flag is set on DB. if !tx.db.NoSync || IgnoreNoSync { // gofail: var beforeSyncDataPages struct{} if err := fdatasync(tx.db); err != nil { return err } } // Put small pages back to page pool. for _, p := range pages { // Ignore page sizes over 1 page. // These are allocated using make() instead of the page pool. if int(p.overflow) != 0 { continue } buf := unsafeByteSlice(unsafe.Pointer(p), 0, 0, tx.db.pageSize) // See https://go.googlesource.com/go/+/f03c9202c43e0abb130669852082117ca50aa9b1 for i := range buf { buf[i] = 0 } tx.db.pagePool.Put(buf) //nolint:staticcheck } return nil } // writeMeta writes the meta to the disk. func (tx *Tx) writeMeta() error { // Create a temporary buffer for the meta page. buf := make([]byte, tx.db.pageSize) p := tx.db.pageInBuffer(buf, 0) tx.meta.write(p) // Write the meta page to file. if _, err := tx.db.ops.writeAt(buf, int64(p.id)*int64(tx.db.pageSize)); err != nil { return err } if !tx.db.NoSync || IgnoreNoSync { // gofail: var beforeSyncMetaPage struct{} if err := fdatasync(tx.db); err != nil { return err } } // Update statistics. tx.stats.IncWrite(1) return nil } // page returns a reference to the page with a given id. // If page has been written to then a temporary buffered page is returned. func (tx *Tx) page(id pgid) *page { // Check the dirty pages first. if tx.pages != nil { if p, ok := tx.pages[id]; ok { p.fastCheck(id) return p } } // Otherwise return directly from the mmap. p := tx.db.page(id) p.fastCheck(id) return p } // forEachPage iterates over every page within a given page and executes a function. func (tx *Tx) forEachPage(pgidnum pgid, fn func(*page, int, []pgid)) { stack := make([]pgid, 10) stack[0] = pgidnum tx.forEachPageInternal(stack[:1], fn) } func (tx *Tx) forEachPageInternal(pgidstack []pgid, fn func(*page, int, []pgid)) { p := tx.page(pgidstack[len(pgidstack)-1]) // Execute function. fn(p, len(pgidstack)-1, pgidstack) // Recursively loop over children. if (p.flags & branchPageFlag) != 0 { for i := 0; i < int(p.count); i++ { elem := p.branchPageElement(uint16(i)) tx.forEachPageInternal(append(pgidstack, elem.pgid), fn) } } } // Page returns page information for a given page number. // This is only safe for concurrent use when used by a writable transaction. func (tx *Tx) Page(id int) (*PageInfo, error) { if tx.db == nil { return nil, ErrTxClosed } else if pgid(id) >= tx.meta.pgid { return nil, nil } if tx.db.freelist == nil { return nil, ErrFreePagesNotLoaded } // Build the page info. p := tx.db.page(pgid(id)) info := &PageInfo{ ID: id, Count: int(p.count), OverflowCount: int(p.overflow), } // Determine the type (or if it's free). if tx.db.freelist.freed(pgid(id)) { info.Type = "free" } else { info.Type = p.typ() } return info, nil } // TxStats represents statistics about the actions performed by the transaction. type TxStats struct { // Page statistics. // // DEPRECATED: Use GetPageCount() or IncPageCount() PageCount int64 // number of page allocations // DEPRECATED: Use GetPageAlloc() or IncPageAlloc() PageAlloc int64 // total bytes allocated // Cursor statistics. // // DEPRECATED: Use GetCursorCount() or IncCursorCount() CursorCount int64 // number of cursors created // Node statistics // // DEPRECATED: Use GetNodeCount() or IncNodeCount() NodeCount int64 // number of node allocations // DEPRECATED: Use GetNodeDeref() or IncNodeDeref() NodeDeref int64 // number of node dereferences // Rebalance statistics. // // DEPRECATED: Use GetRebalance() or IncRebalance() Rebalance int64 // number of node rebalances // DEPRECATED: Use GetRebalanceTime() or IncRebalanceTime() RebalanceTime time.Duration // total time spent rebalancing // Split/Spill statistics. // // DEPRECATED: Use GetSplit() or IncSplit() Split int64 // number of nodes split // DEPRECATED: Use GetSpill() or IncSpill() Spill int64 // number of nodes spilled // DEPRECATED: Use GetSpillTime() or IncSpillTime() SpillTime time.Duration // total time spent spilling // Write statistics. // // DEPRECATED: Use GetWrite() or IncWrite() Write int64 // number of writes performed // DEPRECATED: Use GetWriteTime() or IncWriteTime() WriteTime time.Duration // total time spent writing to disk } func (s *TxStats) add(other *TxStats) { s.IncPageCount(other.GetPageCount()) s.IncPageAlloc(other.GetPageAlloc()) s.IncCursorCount(other.GetCursorCount()) s.IncNodeCount(other.GetNodeCount()) s.IncNodeDeref(other.GetNodeDeref()) s.IncRebalance(other.GetRebalance()) s.IncRebalanceTime(other.GetRebalanceTime()) s.IncSplit(other.GetSplit()) s.IncSpill(other.GetSpill()) s.IncSpillTime(other.GetSpillTime()) s.IncWrite(other.GetWrite()) s.IncWriteTime(other.GetWriteTime()) } // Sub calculates and returns the difference between two sets of transaction stats. // This is useful when obtaining stats at two different points and time and // you need the performance counters that occurred within that time span. func (s *TxStats) Sub(other *TxStats) TxStats { var diff TxStats diff.PageCount = s.GetPageCount() - other.GetPageCount() diff.PageAlloc = s.GetPageAlloc() - other.GetPageAlloc() diff.CursorCount = s.GetCursorCount() - other.GetCursorCount() diff.NodeCount = s.GetNodeCount() - other.GetNodeCount() diff.NodeDeref = s.GetNodeDeref() - other.GetNodeDeref() diff.Rebalance = s.GetRebalance() - other.GetRebalance() diff.RebalanceTime = s.GetRebalanceTime() - other.GetRebalanceTime() diff.Split = s.GetSplit() - other.GetSplit() diff.Spill = s.GetSpill() - other.GetSpill() diff.SpillTime = s.GetSpillTime() - other.GetSpillTime() diff.Write = s.GetWrite() - other.GetWrite() diff.WriteTime = s.GetWriteTime() - other.GetWriteTime() return diff } // GetPageCount returns PageCount atomically. func (s *TxStats) GetPageCount() int64 { return atomic.LoadInt64(&s.PageCount) } // IncPageCount increases PageCount atomically and returns the new value. func (s *TxStats) IncPageCount(delta int64) int64 { return atomic.AddInt64(&s.PageCount, delta) } // GetPageAlloc returns PageAlloc atomically. func (s *TxStats) GetPageAlloc() int64 { return atomic.LoadInt64(&s.PageAlloc) } // IncPageAlloc increases PageAlloc atomically and returns the new value. func (s *TxStats) IncPageAlloc(delta int64) int64 { return atomic.AddInt64(&s.PageAlloc, delta) } // GetCursorCount returns CursorCount atomically. func (s *TxStats) GetCursorCount() int64 { return atomic.LoadInt64(&s.CursorCount) } // IncCursorCount increases CursorCount atomically and return the new value. func (s *TxStats) IncCursorCount(delta int64) int64 { return atomic.AddInt64(&s.CursorCount, delta) } // GetNodeCount returns NodeCount atomically. func (s *TxStats) GetNodeCount() int64 { return atomic.LoadInt64(&s.NodeCount) } // IncNodeCount increases NodeCount atomically and returns the new value. func (s *TxStats) IncNodeCount(delta int64) int64 { return atomic.AddInt64(&s.NodeCount, delta) } // GetNodeDeref returns NodeDeref atomically. func (s *TxStats) GetNodeDeref() int64 { return atomic.LoadInt64(&s.NodeDeref) } // IncNodeDeref increases NodeDeref atomically and returns the new value. func (s *TxStats) IncNodeDeref(delta int64) int64 { return atomic.AddInt64(&s.NodeDeref, delta) } // GetRebalance returns Rebalance atomically. func (s *TxStats) GetRebalance() int64 { return atomic.LoadInt64(&s.Rebalance) } // IncRebalance increases Rebalance atomically and returns the new value. func (s *TxStats) IncRebalance(delta int64) int64 { return atomic.AddInt64(&s.Rebalance, delta) } // GetRebalanceTime returns RebalanceTime atomically. func (s *TxStats) GetRebalanceTime() time.Duration { return atomicLoadDuration(&s.RebalanceTime) } // IncRebalanceTime increases RebalanceTime atomically and returns the new value. func (s *TxStats) IncRebalanceTime(delta time.Duration) time.Duration { return atomicAddDuration(&s.RebalanceTime, delta) } // GetSplit returns Split atomically. func (s *TxStats) GetSplit() int64 { return atomic.LoadInt64(&s.Split) } // IncSplit increases Split atomically and returns the new value. func (s *TxStats) IncSplit(delta int64) int64 { return atomic.AddInt64(&s.Split, delta) } // GetSpill returns Spill atomically. func (s *TxStats) GetSpill() int64 { return atomic.LoadInt64(&s.Spill) } // IncSpill increases Spill atomically and returns the new value. func (s *TxStats) IncSpill(delta int64) int64 { return atomic.AddInt64(&s.Spill, delta) } // GetSpillTime returns SpillTime atomically. func (s *TxStats) GetSpillTime() time.Duration { return atomicLoadDuration(&s.SpillTime) } // IncSpillTime increases SpillTime atomically and returns the new value. func (s *TxStats) IncSpillTime(delta time.Duration) time.Duration { return atomicAddDuration(&s.SpillTime, delta) } // GetWrite returns Write atomically. func (s *TxStats) GetWrite() int64 { return atomic.LoadInt64(&s.Write) } // IncWrite increases Write atomically and returns the new value. func (s *TxStats) IncWrite(delta int64) int64 { return atomic.AddInt64(&s.Write, delta) } // GetWriteTime returns WriteTime atomically. func (s *TxStats) GetWriteTime() time.Duration { return atomicLoadDuration(&s.WriteTime) } // IncWriteTime increases WriteTime atomically and returns the new value. func (s *TxStats) IncWriteTime(delta time.Duration) time.Duration { return atomicAddDuration(&s.WriteTime, delta) } func atomicAddDuration(ptr *time.Duration, du time.Duration) time.Duration { return time.Duration(atomic.AddInt64((*int64)(unsafe.Pointer(ptr)), int64(du))) } func atomicLoadDuration(ptr *time.Duration) time.Duration { return time.Duration(atomic.LoadInt64((*int64)(unsafe.Pointer(ptr)))) }